From stem cells to platelet-rich plasma, regenerative medicine is often positioned as the future of healthcare. But not all approaches deliver on that promise. As interest grows, so do questions regarding what actually works. GEN’s Editor in Chief John Sterling spoke with Thomas Buchheit, MD, founder and medical director of the Triangle Regen Medicine and Biologics Center in Chapel Hill, NC, in relation to the science, the hype, and the realities shaping the field today.

GEN: How do you define regenerative medicine?

Buchheit: Many people think of regenerative medicine as growing new organs, but I define it more broadly as any therapy that improves tissue health or function. With that definition, we can include platelet-rich plasma (PRP), stem cells, and autologous conditioned serum (ACS). These approaches aim to enhance tissue health and improve function.

GEN: The field is promising, but also sometimes criticized as overhyped. Which areas deserve that criticism, and which have gained credibility through clinical validation?

Buchheit: Some criticism is valid, especially around stem cells. We’ve all seen claims over “miracle” stem cells that regrow cartilage. In reality, while these cells can be therapeutic, they typically don’t survive long after injection. Instead, they work by activating the body’s immune-based healing mechanisms. They can improve tissue health, but they’re not the miracle cures they were once portrayed to be.

On the other hand, therapies like PRP and ACS have gained credibility when properly applied and studied, particularly in musculoskeletal conditions.

GEN: How do you incorporate regenerative medicine into your practice?

Buchheit: I focus on patient function—what people can do now and what they want to achieve. Then tailor therapies accordingly. I prioritize treatments with strong evidence. One example is ACS, also known as the Regenokine* program. It’s highly standardized and supported by over 20 years of research in osteoarthritis, sciatica, and radiculopathy.

I also use PRP, which can be effective, but only when properly dosed. That’s been a major challenge since there are many ways to prepare PRP. We now know that dose matters. For example, treating knee osteoarthritis typically requires close to 10 billion platelets. At our clinic, we measure platelet counts before and after preparation to ensure accuracy, something often not done enough or at all.

GEN: Where did these approaches originate, and how widely are they used?

Buchheit: ACS originated in Germany in the 1990s with Dr. Peter Wehling. It was initially developed as an alternative to steroids for treating sciatica. The process involves incubating whole blood under controlled conditions, which stimulates the release of anti-inflammatory proteins, growth factors, and exosomes.

It became popular as patients, including athletes, traveled to Germany for treatment. Today, it’s available in the United States, though still more common in Europe. We now better understand how it works. Our research shows that exosomes play a key role in long-term benefits. If you remove them, effectiveness drops significantly.

GEN: Your new book Healing Joints and Nerves—who is it for?

Buchheit: It’s written for patients and a broad audience. I focused on authoring a book on regenerative medicine based on scientific accuracy and depth. I wanted to create a resource that explains these therapies clearly and truthfully—what they can and cannot do. It took over six years to complete. The book covers the history of stem cells and concludes with ACS, including both research and my personal experience with it as an avid runner and bicycle rider.

GEN: You often mention “good” vs. “bad” inflammation. What’s the difference?

Buchheit: Chronic inflammation is harmful. It damages tissue, drives pain, and contributes to diseases like osteoarthritis. But acute, controlled inflammation is essential for healing. It triggers the body’s repair processes. Exercise is a good example. It creates cycles of inflammation and recovery that make us stronger. Regenerative therapies aim to harness this same mechanism.

Interestingly, suppressing inflammation too aggressively can backfire. Studies show that patients who take anti-inflammatories after acute injuries may have a higher risk of chronic pain. Repeated steroid injections can also worsen joint damage over time.

GEN: Does all PRP work for osteoarthritis?

Buchheit: No. PRP must contain a sufficient platelet dose to be effective. Research shows that below approximately three billion platelets, it’s unlikely to work. Above four billion, effectiveness improves, and near 10 billion provides optimal results.

A practical tip: patients should ask how much blood is drawn. If only 10 mL is used to produce PRP, it’s mathematically impossible to achieve a high dose. Proper preparation typically requires 60–120 mL. Patients should also ask whether platelet counts are measured.

GEN: Please talk a bit more about Regenokine.

Buchheit: The program is based on ACS, enhanced through a controlled incubation process. This stimulates cells to release anti-inflammatory proteins, growth factors, and exosomes. Treatment typically takes roughly a week. Patients often come to the clinic for that duration. We’ve seen strong results in osteoarthritis and spine conditions, especially in patients who haven’t responded to other treatments, including stem cells.

GEN: What about safety, efficacy, and durability of results?

Buchheit: Outcomes vary by patient, but the primary goal is restoring function—whether that’s walking a dog or running a marathon. My approach is to stay as evidence-based as possible. That’s critical in a field where there is some overpromise or poorly validated treatments.

There are real concerns regarding product quality, sourcing, and transparency in some parts of the market. We need to know exactly what we’re using, how it works, and what evidence supports it. That’s how regenerative medicine will continue to advance responsibly.

Thomas Buchheit, MD, founded the Triangle Regen Medicine and Biologics Center in Chapel Hill, NC, to bring a range of regenerative therapies to patients. He now serves as an adjunct associate professor at Duke and continues to work with scientists at the Center for Translational Pain Medicine.

Buchheit began studying nerve injury pain and served as chief of pain medicine at Duke University Medical Center. He investigated the immune basis of pain relief following injury and the mechanisms behind regenerative therapies, including platelet-rich plasma, stem cells, and autologous conditioned serum. He has led several studies funded by the NIH and the Department of Defense.

*Regenokine was developed by Peter Wehling, MD, in Germany, originally in the 1990s. It utilizes a patient’s own blood to create a serum rich in anti-inflammatory proteins, particularly the interleukin 1 receptor antagonist (IL-1Ra), which helps reduce inflammation and promote healing in joints and tendons. The treatment is used for conditions like osteoarthritis and has gained popularity among athletes seeking pain relief. While it has shown promise in small studies, it is not yet FDA-approved and is not covered by insurance in the United States.

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