Helixgate

Helixgate

Uncategorized

Sex-Related Differences in Immune System Aging May Impact Disease Susceptibility

Published

on

Immune system aging, known as immunosenescence, is associated with changes in immune cell composition and function that increase susceptibility to disease. The results of a study by researchers at the Barcelona Supercomputing Center – Centro Nacional de Supercomputación (BSC–CNS) have now shown that immunological aging follows different dynamics between men and women.

The team analyzed single-cell RNA sequencing data from the peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) of 982 female and male donors across adulthood, to identify cells and genes involved in immunosenescence, and potentially provide a molecular explanation for the differences that had previously only been observed globally in the population.

“Until now, most studies analyzed the immune system based on the average of many cells at once, which makes it difficult to capture the progressive effects of aging,” said Maria Sopena-Rios, PhD. “With cell-by-cell analysis and a much larger sample, we were able to detect these patterns and compare them robustly between biological sexes.” Their strategy identified sex-related differences in immunological aging may help to explain why women have an 80% higher incidence of autoimmune diseases than do men, and why men are more likely than women to develop hematological cancers and chronic infections.

Sopena-Rios is co-first author of the team’s published paper in Nature Aging, titled “Single-cell analysis of the human immune system reveals sex-specific dynamics of immunosenescence,” in which the investigators concluded “Together, our findings provide a high-resolution map of sex-specific immune aging and lay the groundwork for tailored sex-specific strategies to monitor and improve immune health across the lifespan.”

Statistics show clear differences in the population’s immune system according to sex: men are more susceptible to infections and cancers, while women have stronger immune responses, which translate, for example, into better responses to vaccines. Even so, with a more reactive immune system, the probability of the body attacking itself also increases, causing 80% of autoimmune disease development to occur in women. In this context, understanding the aging of the immune system is key since, with age, the composition of immune cells changes and their protective functions deteriorate, causing a greater susceptibility to diseases.

Aging of the immune system, or immunosenescence, refers to “… the gradual decline of the immune system, which predisposes to multiple diseases, including infection, cancer, and autoimmune and vascular diseases,” the authors wrote. “Importantly, the age-related decline of the immune system involves both changes in the composition of immune cell populations and molecular alterations.” However, understanding how sex influences this profound transformation was not possible until now. “…how biological sex shapes immune aging at the cellular level remains poorly understood,” the investigators stated.

For their reported study, the team analyzed blood samples from nearly 1,000 people of different ages covering the entire adult life, and carried out single-cell RNA sequencing to analyze the activity of 20,000 genes in more than one million blood cells. This approach allowed them to identify how the immune system changes over the years and detect clear differences between sexes. Although evidence existed that the immune system ages differently according to sex, women have been traditionally underrepresented in studies, the authors comment. This is the first time that large quantities of samples were analyzed with a balance between men and women, a fact that was decisive in obtaining these results.

“Many studies still do not take sex into account in their analyses, or directly only use data from men, so they leave key questions unanswered,” said study director Marta Melé, PhD, leader of the Transcriptomics and Functional Genomics group at BSC. “Our research was born precisely from this need and combines a scientific outlook with a sex perspective, inclusive data, and great computational power.”

BSC researchers Aida Ripoll-Cladelles (left), Marta Melé (center) and Maria Sopena-Rios (right) in front of MareNostrum 5 supercomputer. [Mario Ejarque / BSC-CNS]
BSC researchers Aida Ripoll-Cladelles (left), Marta Melé (center) and Maria Sopena-Rios (right) in front of MareNostrum 5 supercomputer. [Mario Ejarque / BSC–CNS]

The results revealed that women present more pronounced changes in the immune system with age, with an increase in inflammatory immune cells. This finding could help explain why autoimmune diseases are mainly developed by women, especially at advanced ages, as well as the worsening of certain inflammatory pathologies after menopause.

“Female individuals typically mount stronger immune responses, enhancing resistance to infections and vaccine efficacy, but also contributing to an 80% higher incidence of autoimmune diseases,” the authors noted. “Aging further increases autoimmune risk, and we showed that this is accompanied by the female expansion of cell subpopulations with pivotal roles in autoimmunity.”

On the other hand, the study found that changes associated with immune system aging observed in men are globally less extensive, but an increase in certain blood cells presenting pre-leukemia alterations was observed, a fact that could explain why some blood cancers are more frequent in older men. “Male immune aging is less transcriptionally pronounced, with fewer sex-specific signatures and subtler shifts in immune cell abundance,” the investigators wrote. “.… a subset of male participants shows an age-associated expansion of a B cell population linked to an asymptomatic precursor state of chronic lymphocytic leukemia … Our findings suggest that male immune remodeling may contribute to increased vulnerability to hematological malignancies and chronic infections.”

To manage, process, and analyze a volume of data of this magnitude, the scientific team required the use of advanced computational methods that had never been applied to such complex data sets, with the MareNostrum 5 supercomputer as a key piece to make possible a study that would not have been viable without high-performance computing infrastructure.

With these discoveries, the study establishes the bases for incorporating biological sex as a key variable in precision medicine for aging. The identification of sex-specific aging cells and biomarkers opens the door to the development of preventive, diagnostic, and therapeutic strategies better adapted to women and men, contributing to more individualized and equitable healthcare in an increasingly aging population.

“The immune system plays a fundamental role throughout the organism; therefore, the differences we observed have a very important generalized impact on the entire body. Better understanding the aging of the immune system can help us understand processes that go beyond the blood and affect multiple tissues,” noted co-first author Aida Ripoll-Cladellas, PhD.

Treating aging as a homogeneous process in the entire population hides key biological differences, and understanding how it varies between women and men, the authors concluded, will be essential to improve immune health and promote healthy aging within everyone’s reach. “Stratifying analyses according to sex uncovers key sex-specific features of immunosenescence that may otherwise be misinterpreted as shared effects,” they stated. “This underscores the importance of considering sex as a biological variable to ensure biologically accurate conclusions. Ultimately, our findings lay the foundation for sex-tailored strategies to monitor immune aging and mitigate the burden of age-related immune dysfunction.”

The post Sex-Related Differences in Immune System Aging May Impact Disease Susceptibility appeared first on GEN – Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology News.

Continue Reading
Click to comment

Leave a Reply

Your email address will not be published. Required fields are marked *

Uncategorized

CAR T Cell Therapy Biomanufactured by Cellares Infused Into First Two Patients

Published

on

Cellares reported that the first two patients have been dosed with Cabaletta Bio’s investigational CAR T cell therapy rese-cel (resecabtagene autoleucel) manufactured on Cellares’ Cell Shuttle™ instrument. The administration of an autologous cell therapy, which met all release criteria and was manufactured on an automated manufacturing platform, represents an important step on the journey to realizing a future where scalable manufacturing of autologous products to supply thousands of patients per year can be achieved with minimal capital investment and a low cost of goods, according to a Cellares spokesperson.

While the transformative clinical benefits of autologous CAR T cell therapy are well established in oncology, the high manufacturing costs, lack of scalability, process inconsistency, and operational inflexibility associated with the current highly manual way of manufacturing have created meaningful barriers to patient access, reducing patient accessibility to these therapies.

“This is an important milestone that reflects three years of focused collaboration between the teams at Cabaletta and Cellares,” said Steven Nichtberger, MD, co-founder, chairman, and CEO of Cabaletta Bio. “The dosing of these first two patients is an important demonstration of Cellares’ GMP manufacturing and supply chain capabilities with their automated manufacturing platform and thus represents a significant achievement toward our goal of securing high-capacity flexible supply with minimal capital investment and a low cost of goods.”

“This milestone is a transformative moment for the field of autologous cell therapy,” added Fabian Gerlinghaus, co-founder and CEO of Cellares. “For years, the promise of autologous CAR T has been constrained by manufacturing models that were never designed to scale.”

Rese-cel (formerly referred to as CABA-201) is an investigational, autologous CAR T cell therapy engineered with a fully human CD19 binder and a 4-1BB co-stimulatory domain, designed specifically for the treatment of autoimmune diseases. Administered as a single, weight-based infusion, rese-cel is intended to transiently and deeply deplete CD19-positive cells, with the goal of resetting the immune system and achieving durable clinical responses without the need for chronic therapy.

Cabaletta is evaluating rese-cel in the RESET™ (REstoring SElf-Tolerance) clinical development program, which includes multiple ongoing company-sponsored trials across a diverse and growing range of autoimmune diseases in rheumatology, neurology, and dermatology.

The post CAR T Cell Therapy Biomanufactured by Cellares Infused Into First Two Patients appeared first on GEN – Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology News.

Continue Reading

Uncategorized

Regeneron, Telix Launch Up-to-$4.3B Cancer-Focused Radiopharma Drug, Diagnostic Collaboration

Published

on

Regeneron Pharmaceuticals plans to expand its pipeline into radiopharmaceutical therapies through an up to $4.3 billion collaboration with Telix Pharmaceuticals to co-develop and co-commercialize precision oncology treatments and companion diagnostics.

The companies have agreed to partner on next-generation radiopharmaceutical therapies aimed at up to eight solid tumor targets from Regeneron’s portfolio of antibodies, generated from VelocImmune® technology, which uses the company’s own mouse platform engineered with a genetically humanized immune system.

Regeneron and Telix also said they plan to develop radio-diagnostics designed to support patient selection and treatment response assessment.

The collaboration is intended to combine the biologics expertise of Tarrytown, NY-based Regeneron, including bispecific antibody discovery, with the radiopharmaceutical development platform, global manufacturing capabilities, and supply chain infrastructure of Telix, which is headquartered in Melbourne, Australia.

“Regeneron is excited to enter the targeted radiopharmaceuticals space and explore the utility of these agents either as monotherapy or rationally combined with our immunotherapy platform, particularly in areas of high unmet patient need such as lung cancer, where our PD-1 inhibitor is a global standard of care,” Israel Lowy, MD, PhD, Regeneron’s senior vice president and clinical development unit head, oncology, said in a statement.

Lowy referred to Libtayo® (cemiplimab-rwlc), a programmed death receptor-1 blocking antibody approved for multiple oncology indications including forms of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), as well as cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma, and basal cell carcinoma. Libtayo finished 2025 with $1.453 billion in worldwide net product sales, up 19% from $1.217 billion in 2024. Figures include $425 million in Q4 2025 global net product sales, up 16% from $367 million in the year-ago quarter.

‘An ideal partner’

“In our view, the deal with Regeneron validates Telix’s differentiated capabilities in radiopharmaceutical development and handling of complex supply chain logistics,” Andy T. Hsieh, PhD, a partner and biotechnology analyst with William Blair, wrote Monday in a research note. “Furthermore, given Regeneron’s track record of developing successful commercial therapeutics, we believe it is an ideal partner in bringing forth antibody-based theranostic assets.”

Telix investors appeared to somewhat agree with that analysis. The company’s ordinary shares traded on the Australian Stock Exchange climbed nearly 8% from A$14.64 ($10.34) to A$15.77 ($11.13). Telix’s American depositary shares traded on NASDAQ rose about 7%, from $10.56 to $11.24.

Hsieh reiterated William Blair’s “Outperform” rating for Telix shares based on several potential value-creating inflection points, including:

  • Continuing gains in market share gains within the prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA) positron emission tomography (PET) diagnostic imaging market, based on rising sales and price stability as payers have offered clarity on reimbursement—factors he said enable Telix to expand its precision medicine franchise “from a position of strength.”
  • Therapeutic franchise potential, as supported by recent positive preliminary data from part 1 of the ongoing Phase III ProstACT GLOBAL trial (NCT06520345) assessing TLX591 in metastatic androgen pathway modulation resistant prostate cancer.
  • Potential approvals of two PET imaging agents—TLX250-CDx (Zircaix®89Zr-DFO-girentuximab), designed to non-invasively detect and characterize clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC); and TLX101-Px (Pixclara®, Floretyrosine F 18 or 18F-FET), designed to image glioma. Both could “meaningfully” contribute to Telix’s profit-and-loss statement next year, the analyst predicted.

The FDA rejected both Zircaix and Pixclara last year via separate complete response letters. The agency held in April 2025 that Zircaix required additional confirmatory clinical evidence, which the company agreed to provide. On Friday, Telix said the FDA accepted its resubmitted New Drug Application (NDA) for Pixcara, assigning a target decision date of September 12 under the Prescription Drug User Fee Act (PDUFA).

In August 2025, the FDA rejected Zircaix via complete response letter, alleging deficiencies relating to its chemistry, manufacturing, and controls (CMC) package—deficiencies the company said were “readily addressable.”

“We look forward to additional updates pertaining to efficacy parameters, such as progression-free survival, an approvable endpoint, likely later this year,” Hsieh added.

Growth through acquisitions

Telix has built up its radiopharma infrastructure in recent years through acquisitions, spending $13.6 million to purchase IsoTherapeutics, a contract development and manufacturing organization (CDMO) focused on providing services to Telix and other radiopharmaceutical companies—followed by an up to $82 million buyout of radioisotope production technology firm ARTMS, which stands for alternative radioisotope technologies for medical science.

In September 2024, Telix expanded its manufacturing footprint by acquiring RLS Radiopharmacies for up to $250 million, part of an investment strategy focused around creating vertically integrated supply chain, manufacturing, and distribution.

The global radiopharmaceuticals market is predicted to grow at a compound annual growth rate of 10.1%, more than doubling from $14.2 billion this year to $31 billion in 2032, then soaring again to $54.6 billion by 2040, according to a Roots Analysis report issued in January.

Telix briefly pursued a U.S. initial public offering, which it withdrew in June 2024. The company cited market conditions as biotech IPOs met with chilly receptions on Wall Street and asserted that the offering was not predicated on the need to raise capital.

Regeneron has agreed to pay Telix $40 million in upfront cash for access to its radiopharmaceutical manufacturing platform for four initial therapeutic programs, with Regeneron holding an option to expand the collaboration to include four additional programs with additional upfront payments.

Telix and Regeneron have agreed to share equally their global commercialization costs and potential profits, with Telix retaining the option to co-promote certain potential products. However, if Telix were instead to opt out of the co-funding model for any of the original four programs, it would then be eligible to receive up to $535 million in development and commercial milestone payments, plus low double-digit royalties on future net sales, for that program.

If Telix opts out of co-funding for all four, company could achieve $2.14 billion in payments tied to achieving milestones.

For the diagnostics to be covered by the collaboration, Telix and Regeneron have agreed to jointly develop diagnostic assets, with Telix leading commercialization and Regeneron receiving a set percentage of profits.

“The collaboration with Regeneron reflects a highly complementary set of capabilities and a unique opportunity to explore what true ‘next gen’ biologics-based radiopharmaceuticals can potentially do for patients,” added Christian Behrenbruch, DPhil, managing director and group CEO at Telix. “We are well positioned to work toward the shared goal of advancing next-generation precision radiopharmaceuticals for patients with hard-to-treat cancers.”

The post Regeneron, Telix Launch Up-to-$4.3B Cancer-Focused Radiopharma Drug, Diagnostic Collaboration appeared first on GEN – Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology News.

Continue Reading

Uncategorized

FDA bolsters bespoke therapy framework with new draft safety guidelines

FDA bolsters bespoke therapy framework with new draft safety guidelines

Published

on

The draft guidance supports the agency’s new pathway designed to speed up the development of custom gene therapies.​ ​Read More

Continue Reading
Advertisement

Trending